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Red shiner
The red shiner (''Cyprinella lutrensis'') is a North American species of freshwater fish in the Cyprinidae family. They are deep-bodied and laterally compressed,〔Farringer R.T., III, A.A. Echelle, and S.F. Lehtinen. 1979. Reproductive cycle of the red shiner, Notropis lutrensis, in central Texas and south central Oklahoma. ''Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,'' 108, 271-276.〕 and can grow to about three inches in length. For most of the year, both males and females have silver sides and whitish abdomens. Males in breeding coloration, though, have iridescent pink-purple-blue sides and a red crown and fins (except the dorsal fin which remains dark).〔Mayden, R.L. 1989. Phylogenetic studies of North American minnows, with emphasis on the genus Cyprinella (Teleostei: Cypriniformes). ''The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, Miscellaneous Publication,'' 80, 1-189.〕
Red shiners can live up to three years. They are omnivorous; they eat both aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates, as well as algae.〔Goldstein, R.M., & Simon, T.P. (1999). Toward a united definition of guild structure for feeding ecology of North American freshwater fishes, in T.P. Simon, editor. ''Assessing the sustainability and biological integrity of water resources using fish communities.'' CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 123-202〕 Red shiners have also been known to eat the eggs and larvae of native fish found in locations where they have been introduced.〔Ruppert, J.B., Muth, R.T., Nesler, T.P. (1993). Predation on Fish Larvae by Adult Red Shiner, Yampa and Green Rivers, Colorado. ''The Southwestern Naturalist,'' 38(4), 397-399.〕
==Reproduction==
The spawning season for red shiners is generally from mid-April through September.〔 In addition to spawning in crevices like other members of the genus ''Cyprinella'', red shiners also broadcast their eggs and attach them to rocks and vegetation.〔 Females can release up to 16 batches per day with up to 71 eggs per batch. The average clutch size, however, is 585 eggs and they may have five to 19 clutches in one reproductive season.〔Gale, W.F. (1986). Indeterminate fecundity and spawning behavior of captive red shiners - fractions, crevice spawners. ''Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,'' 115, 429-437.〕 Red shiners are capable of generating viable hybrid offspring with closely related species, such as the blue shiner and the blacktail shiner.〔
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